Replying myself:
In my case, the blog was in a subdirectory, affected by a not-wordpress .htaccess, with ‘header-exipres’ instructions affecting the blog.
After cleared that, the site seems to work like a charm.

Thanks!

Than you, dalandau.
And there’s any way to prevent that caching? Or adjust the expire time?
[ It sounds so newbie, I know… ] :S

I’m having the same problem.
When I publish a new post (or delete the last one), I can’t view it in the homepage when accessing normally, until I do a refresh in the page.
In practice, a recurrent visitor will see the same homepage he viewed the last time he access the page, until he make a manually refresh.

No cache plugin used. WP 3.7.1, theme v1.7.2.
I’ve not activated Jetpack plugin.
Homepage is using module 5 layout.

The web is at laweblegal.com/blog (but you can only see the problem if you reaccess the page and there has been published a post since your last visit).